Hadrian's+wall

 **Hadrian's wall** ( Latin : perhaps Vallum Aelium, "the Aelian wall") is a stone  and turf fortification  built by the Roman Empire  across the width of what is now northern England. Begun in AD 122, during the rule of emperor Hadrian, it was the middle of three such fortifications built across Great Britain, the first being from the River Clyde  to the River Forth  under Agricola  and the last the Antonine Wall. All were built to prevent military raids on Roman BritainPictish tribes (ancient inhabitants of Scotland  ) to the north, to improve economic stability and provide peaceful conditions in Britain, and to mark physically the frontier of the Empire. Hadrian's Wall is the best known of the three because its physical presence remains most evident today. The wall marked the northern limes in Britain and also the most heavily fortified border in the Empire. In addition to its use as a military fortification, it is thought that the gates through the wall would also have served as <span class="wiki_link_ext">customs posts to allow trade <span class="wiki_link_ext">taxation. A significant portion of the wall still exists, particularly the mid-section, and for much of its length the wall can be followed on foot. It is the most popular <span class="wiki_link_ext">tourist attraction in Northern England, where it is often known simply as the **Roman Wall**. It was made a <span class="wiki_link_ext">UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987. <span class="wiki_link_ext">English Heritage, a government organization in charge of managing the historic environment of England, describes it as "the most important monument built by the Romans in Britain". <span style="line-height: 115%; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Hadrian's Wall was 80 Roman miles (73.5 statute miles or 117 kilometres) long, its width and height dependent on the construction materials which were available nearby. East of River Irthing the wall was made from squared stone and measured 3 metres (9.7 ft) wide and five to six metres (16–20 ft) high, while west of the river the wall was made from turf and measured 6 metres (20 ft) wide and 3.5 metres (11.5 ft) high. This does not include the wall's ditches, berms, and forts. The central section measured eight Roman feet wide (7.8 ft or 2.4 m) on a 10-foot (3.0 m) base. Some parts of this section of the wall survive to a height of 10 feet (3.0 m). Hadrian's Wall extended west from Segedunum at Wallsend on the River Tyne to the shore of the Solway Firth. The A69 and B6318 roads follow the course of the wall as it starts in Newcastle upon Tyne to Carlisle, then on round the northern coast of Cumbria. The wall is entirely in England and south of the border with Scotland by 15 kilometres (9 mi) in the west and 110 kilometres (68 mi) in the east.<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> Construction probably started in AD 122 and was largely completed within six years. Construction started in the east and proceeded westwards, with soldiers from all three of the occupying Roman legions participating in the work.

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